Built-in Model Examples

These examples illustrate the basic usage of built-in Concrete ML models. For more examples showing how to train high-accuracy models on more complex data-sets, see the Demos and Tutorials section.

FHE constraints

In Concrete ML, built-in linear models are exact equivalents to their scikit-learn counterparts. As they do not apply any non-linearity during inference, these models are very fast (~1ms FHE inference time) and can use high-precision integers (between 20-25 bits).

Tree-based models apply non-linear functions that enable comparisons of inputs and trained thresholds. Thus, they are limited with respect to the number of bits used to represent the inputs. But as these examples show, in practice 5-6 bits are sufficient to exactly reproduce the behavior of their scikit-learn counterpart models.

In the examples below, built-in neural networks can be configured to work with user-specified accumulator sizes, which allow the user to adjust the speed/accuracy trade-off.

It is recommended to use simulation to configure the speed/accuracy trade-off for tree-based models and neural networks, using grid-search or your own heuristics.

List of examples

1. Linear models

Linear Regression example Logistic Regression example Linear Support Vector Regression example Linear SVM classification

These examples show how to use the built-in linear models on synthetic data, which allows for easy visualization of the decision boundaries or trend lines. Executing these 1D and 2D models in FHE takes around 1 millisecond.

2. Generalized linear models

Poisson Regression example Generalized Linear Models comparison

These two examples show generalized linear models (GLM) on the real-world OpenML insurance data-set. As the non-linear, inverse-link functions are computed, these models do not use PBS, and are, thus, very fast (~1ms execution time).

3. Decision tree

Decision Tree Classifier

Using the OpenML spams data-set, this example shows how to train a classifier that detects spam, based on features extracted from email messages. A grid-search is performed over decision-tree hyper-parameters to find the best ones.

Decision Tree Regressor

Using the House Price prediction data-set, this example shows how to train regressor that predicts house prices.

4. XGBoost and Random Forest classifier

XGBoost/Random Forest example

This example shows how to train tree-ensemble models (either XGBoost or Random Forest), first on a synthetic data-set, and then on the Diabetes data-set. Grid-search is used to find the best number of trees in the ensemble.

5. XGBoost regression

XGBoost Regression example

Privacy-preserving prediction of house prices is shown in this example, using the House Prices data-set. Using 50 trees in the ensemble, with 5 bits of precision for the input features, the FHE regressor obtains an $R^2$ score of 0.90 and an execution time of 7-8 seconds.

6. Fully connected neural network

NN Iris example NN MNIST example

Two different configurations of the built-in, fully-connected neural networks are shown. First, a small bit-width accumulator network is trained on Iris and compared to a PyTorch floating point network. Second, a larger accumulator (>8 bits) is demonstrated on MNIST.

7. Comparison of models

Classifier comparison Regressor comparison

Based on three different synthetic data-sets, all the built-in classifiers are demonstrated in this notebook, showing accuracies, inference times, accumulator bit-widths, and decision boundaries.